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Herbs & Supplements

Salvia miltiorrhiza
Scientific Name: Danshen
Other Names: Chinese Sage, Huang Ken, Radix Salvia, Red Sage, Salvia Root, Ten Shen

References

Abd-Elazem IS, Chen HS, Bates RB, Huang RC. Isolation of two highly potent and non-toxic inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Antiviral Research. 2002;55(1):91-106.

Anon: Danshen. In: DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA, eds. Facts and Comparisons: The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO, Facts and Comparisons. July 1988.

Argento A, Tiraferri E, Marzaloni M. Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. An emerging interaction. [Article in Italian] Annals of Italian Medicine International. 2000;15(2):1391-1343.

Bi HC, Zuo Z, Chen X, et al. Preclinical factors affecting the pharmacokinetic behaviour of tanshinone IIA, an investigational new drug isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza for the treatment of ischaemic heart diseases. Xenobiotica. 2008;38(2):185-222.

Bian W, Chen F, Bai L, Zhang P, Qin W. Dihydrotanshinone I inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica (Shanghai). 2008;40(1):1-6.

Brunetti G, Serra S, Vacca G, et al. IDN 5082, a standardized extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, delays acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;85(1):93-97.

Chan K, Lo AC, Yeung JH, Woo KS. The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1995;47(5):402-406.

Chan TY. Drug interactions as a cause of overanticoagulation and bleedings in Chinese patients receiving warfarin. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1998;36:403-405.

Chan TY. Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2001;35(4):501-504.

Chang JY, Chang CY, Kuo CC, Chen LT, Wein YS, Kuo YH. Salvinal, a novel microtubule inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen), with antimitotic activity in multidrug-sensitive and -resistant human tumor cells. Molecular Pharmacology. 2004;65(1):77-84.

Chen Y, Ruan Y, Li L, Chu Y, Xu X, Wang Q, Zhou X. Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts on rat hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, heme oxygenase-1 and nitric oxide synthase. Chinese Medical Journal (England). 2003;116(5):757-760.

Cheng TO. Cardiovascular effects of Danshen. International Journal of Cardiology. 2007;121(1):9-22.

Chow L, Johnson M, Wells A, Dasgupta A. Effect of the traditional Chinese medicines Chan Su, Lu-Shen-Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by Tina-quant (Roche) and Synchron LX system (Beckman) digoxin immunoassays. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2003;17(1):22-27.

Colombo G, Serra S, Vacca G, et al. Identification of miltirone as active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza responsible for the reducing effect of root extracts on alcohol intake in rats. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006;30(5):754-762.

Dasgupta A, Actor JK, Olsen M, Wells A, Datta P. In vivo digoxin-like immunoreactivity in mice and interference of Chinese medicine Danshen in serum digoxin measurement: elimination of interference by using a chemiluminescent assay. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2002;317(1-2):231-234.

Dasgupta A, Bernard DW. Herbal remedies: effects on clinical laboratory tests. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2006;130(4):521-528.

Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA. Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004;121(2):276-281.

Datta P, Dasgupta A. Effect of Chinese medicines Chan Su and Danshen on EMIT 2000 and Randox digoxin immunoassays: wide variation in digoxin-like immunoreactivity and magnitude of interference in digoxin measurement by different brands of the same product. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2002;24(5):637-644.

Deng J, Zhang DZ, Yang WJ. An in vitro experiment on the antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract from salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on several oral pathogenic microbes. [Article in Chinese] Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2006;15(2):210-212.

Du JR, Li X, Zhang R, Qian ZM. Tanshinone inhibits intimal hyperplasia in the ligated carotid artery in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;98(3):319-322.

Durairajan SS, Yuan Q, Xie L, et al. Salvianolic acid B inhibits Abeta fibril formation and disaggregates preformed fibrils and protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicty. Neurochemistry International. 2008;52(4-5):741-750.

Fang ZY, Lin R, Yuan BX, Yang GD, Liu Y, Zhang H. Tanshinone IIA downregulates the CD40 expression and decreases MMP-2 activity on atherosclerosis induced by high fatty diet in rabbit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;115(2):217-222.

Fish JM, Welchons DR, Kim YS, Lee SH, Ho WK, Antzelevitch C. Dimethyl lithospermate B, an extract of Danshen, suppresses arrhythmogenesis associated with the Brugada syndrome. Circulation. 2006;113(11):1393-1400.

Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet. 2000;355(9198):134-138.

Fugh-Berman A. Herbs and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Preventive Cardiology. 2000;3(1):24-32.

Gao J, Yang G, Pi R, et al. Tanshinone IIA protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes from adriamycin-induced apoptosis. Translational Research. 2008;151(2):79-87.

Gupta D, Jalali M, Wells A, Dasgupta A. Drug-herb interactions: unexpected suppression of free Danshen concentrations by salicylate. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2002;16(6):290-294.

Han JY, Fan JY, Horie Y, et al. Ameliorating effects of compounds derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract on microcirculatory disturbance and target organ injury by ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;117(2):280-295.

Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2000;57(13):1221-1227.

Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005;165(10):1095-1106.

Hsu YC, Lin YL, Chiu YT, Shiao MS, Lee CY, Huang YT. Antifibrotic effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on dimethylnitrosamine-intoxicated rats. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2005;12(1):185-195.

Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC, et al. Herb-drug interactions: a literature review. Drugs. 2005;65(9):1239-1282.

Huang YT, Lee TY, Lin HC, Chou TY, Yang YY, Hong CY. Hemodynamic effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on cirrhotic rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2001;79(7):566-572.

Husna B, On T, Zhu YZ. Effects of purified Salvia miltiorrhiza extract on cardiac vascular smooth muscle hypoxic cells. Journal of Pharmacological Science. 2007 Jul;104(3):202-211.

Imanshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. The pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(6):427-437.

Ioannides C. Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal remedies and medicinal drugs. Xenobiotica. 2002;32(6):451-478.

Izzat MB, Yim APC, El-Zufari MH. A taste of Chinese medicine! Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1998;66(3):941-942.

Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Borrelli F, Ernst E. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2005;98(1):1-14.

Jeon SJ, Son KH, Kim YS, Choi YH, Kim HP. Inhibition of prostaglandin and nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells by tanshinones from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research. 2008;31(6):758-763.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Ji X, Tan BK, Zhu YC, Linz W, Zhu YZ. Comparison of cardioprotective effects using ramipril and DanShen [sic] for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in rats. Life Sciences. 2003;73(11):1413-1426.

Ji XY, Tan BK, Zhu YZ. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2000;21(12):1089-1094.

Jin UH, Suh SJ, Chang HW, et al. Tanshinone IIA from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE inhibits human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and MMP-9 activity through AKT signaling pathway. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2008;104(1):15-26.

Kang DG, Oh H, Chung HT, Lee HS. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by lithospermic acid B isolated from Radix Salviae miltiorrhiza Bunge. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(8):917-920.

Kang DG, Yun YG, Ryoo JH, Lee HS. Anti-hypertensive effect of water extract of danshen on renovascular hypertension through inhibition of the renin angiotensin system. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002;30(1):87-93.

Kang ES, Lee GT, Kim BS, et al. Lithospermic acid B ameliorates the development of diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2008;579(1-3):418-425.

Kim DH, Jeon SJ, Jung JW, et al. Tanshinone congeners improve memory impairments induced by scopolamine on passive avoidance tasks in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;574(2-3):140-147.

Kim HK, Woo ER, Lee HW, et al. The correlation of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract-induced regulation of osteoclastogenesis with the amount of components tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, and dihydrotanshinone. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2008;30(2):347-364.

Kuo YH, Lin YL, Don MJ, Chen RM, Ueng YF. Induction of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase by extracts of the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2006;58(4):521-527.

Kwak HB, Yang D, Ha H, et al. Tanshinone IIA inhibits osteoclast differentiation through down-regulation of c-Fos and NFATc1. Experimental and Molecular Medicine. 2006;38(3):256-264.

Lam BY, Lo AC, Sun X, Luo HW, Chung SK, Sucher NJ. Neuroprotective effects of tanshinones in transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(4):286-291.

Lam FF, Yeung JH, Cheung JH, Or PM. Pharmacological evidence for calcium channel inhibition by danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on rat isolated femoral artery. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2006;47(1):139-145.

Lee TY, Chang HH, Wang GJ, Chiu JH, Yang YY, Lin HC. Water-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatic apoptosis in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2006;58(5):659-665.

Lee TY, Mai LM, Wang GJ, Chiu JH, Lin YL, Lin HC. Protective mechanism of salvia miltiorrhiza on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Pharmacologic Sciences. 2003;91(3):202-210.

Lee TY, Wang GJ, Chiu JH, Lin HC. Long-term administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003;55(11):1561-1568.

Lee WY, Chiu LC, Yeung JH. Cytotoxicity of major tanshinones isolated from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on HepG2 cells in relation to glutathione perturbation. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2008;46(1):328-338.

Li QF, Shi SL, Liu QR, Tang J, Song J, Liang Y. Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone IIA in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells: Nuclear matrix downregulation and cytoplasmic trafficking of nucleophosmin. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology. 2008;40(9):1918-1929.

Lin YL, Wu CH, Luo MH, et al. In vitro protective effects of salvianolic acid B on primary hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;105(1-2):215-222.

Ling S, Dai A, Guo Z, Komesaroff PA. A preparation of herbal medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza reduces expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2008;51(1):38-44.

Ling S, Dai A, Guo Z, Yan X, Komesaroff PA. Effects of a Chinese herbal preparation on vascular cells in culture: mechanisms of cardiovascular protection. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2005;32(7):571-578.

Ling S, Nheu L, Dai A, Guo Z, Komesaroff P. Effects of four medicinal herbs on human vascular endothelial cells in culture. International Journal of Cardiology. Epublished ahead of print. August 10, 2007.

Liu G, Guan GJ, Qi TG, et al. Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on rats with streptozotocin diabetes and its mechanism. [Article in Chinese] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2005;3(6):459-462.

Liu Q, Lu Z. Effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza on coronary collateral circulation in dogs with experimental acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the Tongji Medical University. 1999;19(1):40-41 and 69.

Liu T, Qin CL, Zhang Y, Kang LY, Sun YF, Zhang BL. Effect of dan-shen, san-qi of different proportion on platelet aggregation and adhesion in normal rabbits. [Article in Chinese] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002;27(8):609-611.

Liu YR, Qu SX, Maitz MF, Tan R, Weng J. The effect of the major components of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge on bone marrow cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;111(3):573-583.

Lo AC, Chan K, Yeung JH, Woo KS. The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 1992;17(4):257-262.

Luo P, Tan Z, Zhang Z, Li H, Mo Z. Inhibitory effects of salvianolic acid B on the high glucose-induced mesangial proliferation via NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Biology and Pharmacy Bulletin. 2008;31(7):1381-1386.

Maki T, Kawahara Y, Tanonaka K, Yagi A, Takeo S. Effects of tanshinone VI on the hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and fibrosis of cardiac fibroblasts of neonatal rats. Planta Medica. 2002;68(12):1103-1107.

Matkowski A, Zielinska S, Oszmianski J, Lamer-Zarawska E. Antioxidant activity of extracts from leaves and roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, S. przewalskii Maxim., and S. verticillata L. Bioresource Technology. 2008;99(16):7892-7896.

McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Product Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1997.

Miller KE. Is herbal therapy safe in cardiovascular disease? American Family Physician. 2002;66(7):1299.

Min LQ, Dang LY, Ma WY. Clinical study on effect and therapeutical [sic] mechanism of composite Salvia injection on acute cerebral infarction. [Article in Chinese] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2002;22(5):353-355.

Mossaddik MA. In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge against P388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(8):682-685.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, Online Edition. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2006. Available at: http://www.pharmacistsletter.com/(S(ulqz3s45omt3ag5 5um4kj345))/home.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=ND.

Nie R, Xia R, Zhong X, Xia Z. Salvia miltiorrhiza treatment during early reperfusion reduced postischemic myocardial injury in the rat. Candian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2007;85(10):1012-1019.

Nizamutdinova IT, Lee GW, Lee JS, et al. Tanshinone I suppresses growth and invasion of human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, through regulation of adhesion molecules. Carcinogenesis. Epublished ahead of print. June 26, 2008.

Oh SH, Cho KH, Yang BS, Roh YK. Natural compounds from Danshen suppress the activity of hepatic stellate cells. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research. 2006;29(9):762-767.

Oh SH, Nan JX, Sohn DW, Kim YC, Lee BH. Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits biliary obstruction-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by cytoplasmic sequestration of p53. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002;182(1):27-33.

Pan Y, Bi HC, Zhong GP, et al. Pharmacokinetic characterization of hydroxylpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-included complex of cryptotanshinone, an investigational cardiovascular drug purified from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Xenobiotica. 2008;38(4):382-398.

Park JW, Lee SH, Yang MK, et al. 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I, a major component from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Dansham), inhibits rabbit platelet aggregation by suppressing intracellular calcium mobilization. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research. 2008;31(1):47-53.

Peng Y, Liu F, Luo J, Liu B. Effects of danshen and shengmaiye on glomerulosclerosis by adriamycin in rats. [Article in Chinese] Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1999;24(4):332-334.

Peng GL, Zhang XY. Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. [article in Chinese] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2007;5(1):28-31.

Plants for a Future Database. Salvia miltiorrhiza. No date given. Available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Salvia + miltiorrhiza. Accessed April 14, 2004.

Qiu F, Wang G, Zhao Y, et al. Effect of danshen extract on pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2008;65(2):270-274.

Qiu F, Zhang R, Sun J, et al. Inhibitory effects of seven components of danshen extract on catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzyme in human liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2008;36(7):1308-1314.

Serra S, Vacca G, Tumatis S, et al. Anti-relapse properties of IDN 5082, a standardized extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, in alcohol-preferring rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;88(2-3):249-252.

Sieveking DP, Woo KS, Fung KP, Lundman P, Nakhla S, Celermajer DS. Chinese herbs Danshen and Gegen modulate key early atherogenic events in vitro. International Journal of Cardiology. 2005;105(1):40-45.

Song YH, Liu Q, Lv ZP, Chen YY, Zhou YC, Sun XG. Protection of a polysaccharide from Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese medicinal herb, against immunological liver injury in mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. Epublished ahead of print. May 13, 2008.

Stickel F, Brinkhaus B, Krahmer N, Seitz HK, Hahn EG, Schuppan D. Antifibrotic properties of botanicals in chronic liver disease. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(46):1102-1108.

Su CC, Chen GW, Kang JC, Chan MH. Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction by Tanshinone IIA in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells. Planta Medica. Epublished ahead of print. July 11, 2008.

Sun DD, Wang HC, Wang XB, et al. Tanshinone IIA: A new activator of human cardiac KCNQ1/KCNE1 (I(Ks)) potassium channels. European Journal of Pharmacology. Epublished ahead of print. June 7, 2008.

Sun G, Huang C, Lu Y, Guo S, Sun S. Study on activating blood and eliminating stasis of guanxin dansheng [sic] capsule. [Article in Chinese] Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 Feb;25(2):119-121.

Sun L, Zheng Z. Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza Bge on left ventricular hypertrophy and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of the Huazhong University of Science and Technologic Medical Science. 2007;27(3):245-247.

Sze FK, Yeung FF, Wong E, Lau J. Does Danshen improve disability after acute ischaemic [sic] stroke? Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2005;111(2):118-125.

Tam LS et al. Warfarin interactions with Chinese traditional medicines: danshen and methyl salicylate medicated oil. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1995;25:258.

Tan YW, Yin YM, Yu XJ. Influence of Salvia miltiorrhizae and Astragalus membranaceus on hemodynamics and liver fibrosis indexes in liver cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. [Article in Chinese] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2001;21(5):351-353.

Vacca G, Colombo G, Brunetti G, et al. Reducing effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts on alcohol intake: influence of vehicle. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(5):537-541.

Valli G, Giardina EG. Benefits, adverse effects and drug interactions of herbal therapies with cardiovascular effects. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;39(7):1083-1095.

Wahed A, Dasgupta A. Positive and negative in vitro interference of Chinese medicine dan shen [sic] in serum digoxin measurement. Elimination of interference by monitoring free digoxin concentration. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2001;116(3):403-408.

Wahed A, Pollard J, Wells A, Dasgupta A. Impaired protein binding of Chinese medicine DanShen [sic] in uremic sera and sera with hyperbilirubinemia: rapid assessment of total and free DanShen [sic] concentrations using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digoxin. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2003;17(5):179-183.

Wan JM, Sit WH, Lee CL, Fu KH, Chan DK. Protection of lethal toxicity of endotoxin by Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE is via reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha release and liver injury. International Immunopharmacology. 2006;6(5):750-758.

Wang C, Zhao X, Mao S, Wang Y, Cui X, Pu Y. Management of SAH with traditional Chinese medicine in China. Neurological Research. 2006;28(4):436-444.

Wang G, Wang L, Xiong ZY, Mao B, Li TQ. Compound salvia pellet, a traditional Chinese medicine, for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris compared with nitrates: a meta-analysis. Medical Science Monitor. 2006;12(1):SR1-7.

Wang N, Luo HW, Niwa M, Ji J. A new platelet aggregation inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Planta Medica. 1989;55:390-391.

Wang W, Hu GY, Wang YP. Selective modulation of L-type calcium current by magnesium lithospermate B in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Life Sciences. 2006;78(26):2989-2997.

Wang X, Wei Y, Yuan S, et al W. Potential anticancer activity of tanshinone IIA against human breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2005;116(5):799-807.

Wang XF, Zhao MQ. Ligustrazine and Salvia miltiorrhiza injection solution in complementary therapy of pregnancy-induced hypertension: clinical analysis of 60 cases. [Article in Chinese] Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003;23(9):969-671.

Wong CK, Bao YX, Wong EL, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lam CW. Immunomodulatory activities of Yunzhi and Danshen in post-treatment breast cancer patients. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2005;33(3):381-395.

Wong CK, Tse PS, Wong EL, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lam CW. Immunomodulatory effects of Yun Zhi and Danshen capsules in health [sic] subjects--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. International Immunopharmacology. 2004;4(2):201-211.

Wong RW, Rabie AB. Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract on bone formation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A. 2008;85(2):506-512.

Wu MH, Tsai WJ, Don MJ, Chen YC, Chen IS, Kuo YC. Tanshinlactone A from Salvia miltiorrhiza modulates interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma gene expression. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;113(2):210-217.

Wu T, Ni J, Wu J. Danshen (Chinese medicinal herb) preparations for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD004465.

Wu B, Liu M, Zhang S. Dan Shen agents for acute ischaemic [sic] stroke. Cochrane Database Systemic Review. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD004295.

Wu WL, Chang WL, Chen CF. Cytotoxic activities of tanshinones against human carcinoma cell lines. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1991;19(3-4):207-216.

Xia Z, Gu J, Ansley DM, Xia F, Yu J. Antioxidant therapy with Salvia miltiorrhiza decreases plasma endothelin-1 and thromboxane B2 after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with congenital heart disease. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003;126(5):1404-1410.

Xia WJ, Yang M, Fok TF, et al. Partial neuroprotective effect of pretreatment with tanshinone IIA on neonatal hypoxia-ischemia brain damage. Pediatric Research. 2005;58(4):784-790.

Yang M, Liu A, Guan S, Sun J, Xu M, Guo D. Characterization of tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan-shen [sic]) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications on Mass Spectrometry. 2006;20(8):1266-1280.

Yang XF, Wang NP, Zeng FD. Effects of the active components of some Chinese herbs on drug metabolizing-enzymes. [Article in Chinese] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 May;27(5):325-328.

Yin HQ, Kim YS, Choi YJ, et al. Effects of tanshinone IIA on the hepatotoxicity and gene expression involved in alcoholic liver disease. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research. 2008;31(5):659-665.

You JS, Pan TL, Lee YS. Protective effects of Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza) on adriamycin-induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21(12):1146-1152.

Yu CM, Chan JC, Sanderson JE. Chinese herbs and warfarin potentiation by "danshen". Journal of Internal Medicine. 1997;241(4):337-339.

Yu XQ, Xue CC, Zhou ZW, Li CG, Zhou SF. Tanshinone IIB, a primary active constituent from Salvia miltiorrhiza, exerts neuroprotective effect via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(6):846-850.

Yu XY, Lin SG, Chen X, et al. Transport of cryptotanshinone, a major active triterpenoid in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge widely used in the treatment of stroke and Alzheimer's disease, across the blood-brain barrier. Current Drug Metabolism. 2007;8(4):365-378.

Yu XY, Lin SG, Zhou ZW, et al. Tanshinone IIB, a primary active constituent from Salvia miltiorrhza, exhibits neuro-protective activity in experimentally stroked rats. Neuroscience Letters. 2007;417(3):261-265.

Yue KK, Lee KW, Chan KK, Leung KS, Leung AW, Cheng CH. Danshen prevents the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and aorta of diabetic rats without affecting the hyperglycemic state. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;106(1):136-141.

Yuan SL, Wang XJ, Wei YQ. Anticancer effect of tanshinone and its mechanisms. [Article in Chinese] Ai Zheng. 2003 Dec;22(12):1363-1366.

Zhang HS, Wang SQ. Salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced MMP-2 upregulation in human aortic smooth muscle cells via suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2006;41(1):138-148.

Zhang M, Li X, Jiu G, Liu Y. Effect of danshen injection on expression of platelet membrane glycoproteins in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. [Article in Chinese] Zhong Yao Cai. 2003;26(10):738-740.

Zhang XP, Li ZJ, Liu DR. Progress in research into the mechanism of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae in treatment of acute pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International. 2006;5(4):501-504.

Zhou L, Zuo Z, Chow MS. Danshen: an overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2005;45(12):1345-1359.

Zou ZW, Xu LN, Tian JY. Antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of rosmarinic acid, a water-soluble component isolated from radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (danshen). [Article in Chinese] Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1993;28(4):241-245.

Last Revised July 18, 2008

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Note: The above information is not intended to replace the advice of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not meant to indicate that the use of the product is safe, appropriate, or effective for you.

In general, herbal products are not subject to review or approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are not required to be standardized, meaning that the amounts of active ingredients or contaminants they contain may vary between brands or between different batches of the same brand. Not all of the risks, side effects, or interactions associated with the use of herbal products are known because few reliable studies of their use in humans have been done.

This information is provided for your education only. Please share this information with your healthcare provider and be sure that you talk to your doctor and pharmacist about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use any herbal product.

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